Building materials encompass a broad range of substances used for construction, including natural materials like stone and wood, and manufactured products like concrete, steel, and glass. The choice of materials significantly affects the architectural design, structural integrity, and environmental sustainability of buildings. In severe environmental conditions—such as extreme temperatures, high humidity, or corrosive environments—the durability, functionality, and maintenance needs of these materials are critically tested. The selection of appropriate building materials for specific environments is paramount to ensuring the longevity and safety of structures while minimizing their ecological footprint.