Low-Cost Virtual Reality: A Promising Tool for Positive Mood States and Enjoyable Exercise in Healthy Individuals

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a low-cost VR goggle solution on perceived exertion, general mood, and well-being in healthy young adults. Fifteen participants completed three 25-min exercise sessions at 75% of their maximum heart rate under two conditions: with VR (using VR) and without VR (not using VR). The VR solution used a modified version of the Google LLC Cardboard and allowed for attachment of a smartphone to the head. Participants using VR were immersed in a 360º-view video simulation of an outdoor ride. Before and after the exercise sessions, participants completed PACES questionnaire to measure enjoyment, and BRUMS questionnaire to assess mood states. Perceived exertion was also measured before and after the sessions using Borg scale. Participants’ perceived exertion was higher without VR compared to exercising with VR. With VR yielded higher scores for certain positive-worded items, while exercising without VR resulted in higher scores for certain negative-worded items. When comparing mood states before and after exercising with VR, participants reported feeling less annoyed, confused, sleepy, tired, and nervous, and more active and lively. After exercising without VR, participants reported feeling more active. Our study provides evidence that affordable VR can also promote positive mood states and enhance enjoyment during exercise, thus contributing to expanding its use as an alternative to increase PA levels.