The Role of International Networks in Indonesia’s Higher Education Services

Indonesia is not fully integrated in the global value chain of higher education. Global higher education institution rankings, such as the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, indicate that Indonesia’s internalisation, ratio of international students and lecturers, is relatively low. This is due to Indonesia’s restrictive policies towards modes 3 and 4 services delivery. Given these restrictions, the sector performs less than its peers in the region. The way forward for human capital development is to create more open policies in the higher education sector.