In-Vitro Monitoring Techniques

This chapter discusses in-vitro bioassay monitoring techniques designed for the identification and quantification of radionuclides in excreta or other biological materials detached from the body. Covering a broad spectrum of topics, it commences with a focus on various biological samples and their collection procedures for in-vitro monitoring. The subsequent section provides an extensive exploration of radiochemical analysis techniques applied to these samples, involving steps like sample digestion, pre-concentration, and radiochemical separation. The chapter meticulously details sophisticated radiochemical separation methods such as liquid–liquid extraction and extraction chromatography crucial for isolating and purifying diverse radionuclides. The later part concentrates on measurement techniques, including alpha spectroscopy, liquid scintillation spectrometry, and mass spectrometry, offering insights into their principles, applications, and strengths in radionuclide quantification. Additionally, the chapter acknowledges recent advancements in radiochemical separation methods, highlighting the innovative use of multiple-stage chromatography columns and vacuum-enhanced systems to expedite flow rates. It explores cutting-edge methodologies such as automated online separation, integrating streamlined techniques within flow injection or sequential injection systems, coupled with advanced ICP-MS technology, ushering in a new era of analytical efficiency and precision.