Physics: Around 1900

William Thomson’s contributions to physics, including the second and third laws of physics, were countless, advancing the understanding of thermodynamics and electromagnetism. The Kelvin temperature scale named after him established the temperature of -273 degree Celsius at a value of zero degrees Kelvin. Throughout his life he had an over riding goal of making science useful. His effort was apply illustrated with his involvement in telegraphy and efforts to advance the transatlantic cable projects in 1857–1858 and 1865–1866. This work earned him the aristocratic title of Lord Kelvin and entry into the House of Lords in 1892.