Characterization of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Retrospect and Future Prospects

The world of drug delivery has witnessed a profound transformation with the emergence and evolution of transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). TDDS has come a long way since its modest beginnings in the early seventies when it was used as adhesive patches to deliver nitroglycerin and scopolamine. With the use of straightforward matrix designs, first-generation systems opened the way for improved patient compliance and the controlled delivery of medications. Second-generation TDDS later included drug reservoirs, expanding the variety of medications that may be transdermally given. Microneedles and electrical approaches are two third-generation TDDS advancements, allowing for the delivery of a wider range of medications, including hydrophilic and macromolecular substances. Fourth-generation systems with an emphasis on personalized medicine, nanotechnology, and sustainable materials are emerging in the current era. The use of sensor technologies for real-time monitoring and enhanced drug penetration through the skin are all features of these systems that provide individualized care and health. Despite all research development, challenges still exist, such as the skin’s barrier functions, dose restrictions, and adhesion problems. The evolution of TDDS shows a progression from simple patches to sophisticated, patient-centric systems. This progress not only enhances drug delivery but also holds the synergistic potential of TDDS with AI for more precise, personalized, and effective medication administration. The evolution of TDDS is briefly summarized in this chapter, with particular emphasis paid to significant milestones, challenges, potential advancements, and the possibility for TDDS and artificial intelligence (AI) to work in conjunction.