Basics of Imaging Modalities for Paediatric Urinary Tract

Urinary tract pathologies are frequently seen in pediatric age groups and constitute the most common pediatric imaging referrals. The spectrum of abnormalities is wide, including rare congenital abnormalities apart from the usual pathologies seen in adults. The common modalities include intravenous urography (IVU), retrograde urography (RGU), voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and various nuclear imaging techniques. Because of radiation concern and ease of availability, ultrasound is the most common initial modality in children. VCUG is the classic modality of choice for urinary tract evaluation. CT and MRI are reserved as problem-solving tools. Optimum utilization of various modalities can help in prompt diagnosis and management. This chapter summarizes various modalities used for pediatric urinary tract evaluation with their basic technique, common indications, advantages, and limitations. Imaging practice in pediatric radiology is different from adults, and awareness about it can help in appropriate management of children.