Normal Radiological Anatomy and Anatomical Variants of Kidney and Urinary Tract

A knowledge of normal anatomical structure and appearance is paramount before identifying abnormalities in any radiological image. This chapter attempts to give a summary of various radiological modalities and their applications in nephrology practice in children. The text also makes an attempt to enlist and display a conglomeration of various images that may appear to be abnormal while being a normal variant, either by virtue of image acquisition artifacts like those during a conventional radiograph, intravenous pyelography, or micturition cystourethrography, or due to normal anatomical variations such as junctional parenchymal defects, dromedary humps, etc. The chapter aims to familiarize and equip its readers on what may not be considered pathological but still forms an important aspect of day-to-day reports seen in nephrology practice.