Extracellular Vesicles and Bacterial Infections in Fish

All cellular life forms have extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are a unique biological trait. EVs are essential for the pathogenicity of bacteria. The quickly developing research on EVs is currently at a turning point, and because of their exceptional biocompatibility and biodegradability, they have been applied in a number of disciplines. EVs contain various biomolecules like proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and signalling molecules. They play important roles in intercellular communication, amplification of cellular responses, immunomodulation, and may alter viral pathogenicity. EVs perform roles in inhibiting or enhancing fish-associated infection and pathogenesis. We will critically examine the recent published works on EVs to review their importance in human and fish bacterial infections.