Exploring Non-edible Oils as Promising Feedstock for Biodiesel Production and Their Application as Alternative Fuel in Diesel Engines: A Comprehensive Review

In response to the imperative for a unified approach to energy security and escalating energy demands, extensive research and experimentation have been conducted on alternative energy sources, particularly in the domain of automotive propulsion. Biodiesel, produced from commonly used vegetable oils, has gained popularity as a feasible alternative to conventional diesel fuel in many countries. However, reservations regarding the sustainability of food supply and economic stability arise due to the extensive utilization of consumable vegetable oils for biodiesel production. To tackle these concerns, non-consumable oils such as Neem, Karanja, Argemone Mexicana, and Mahua have emerged as promising substitutes for biodiesel production. This review aims to investigate the potential of non-consumable oils as primary feedstocks for biodiesel production and as alternative fuels to traditional diesel. The paper comprehensively examines diverse biodiesel production methodologies, highlighting the challenges associated with employing non-edible oils. This research promotes sustainable biodiesel production and mitigates potential global food supply chain imbalances by shifting the focus to non-consumable oil sources. Additionally, it analyses the physicochemical properties of non-consumable oils, their impact on biodiesel production processes, and strategies for enhancing biodiesel yield and quality from these unconventional feedstocks. Through an exhaustive analysis of advancements, limitations, and prospects, this review paper presents a comprehensive overview of biodiesel production, emphasizing their role in facilitating the transition towards a sustainable energy future.