India-Afghanistan Relations and the Return of the Taliban

This chapter aims to investigate India’s policies and options in Afghanistan, particularly in light of the United States-led invasion of the country in 2001 and the removal of the Taliban from power. The resurgence of the Taliban in the 1990s posed serious security threats and geopolitical challenges for India, particularly in the Kashmir region. The removal of the Taliban by the US created a political space for India to reengage in Afghanistan and become part of the post-Taliban state-building operation. Over the years, India has adopted a soft power approach to its developmental projects in Afghanistan. However, the resurgence of the Taliban, with the support of Pakistan, once again posed a challenge to India’s interests in the region. The subsequent US withdrawal in 2021 and the return of the Taliban with Pakistan’s backing have raised serious security concerns for India. The chapter also evaluates whether there have been any changes in the Taliban’s policies. Although India cannot afford to provide free space to Pakistan, the possible implications of the Taliban’s policies cannot be ignored. Additionally, China’s increasing presence in seeking resources and influence in Afghanistan poses a challenge to India’s interests in the country and beyond. This chapter discusses the challenges and possibilities for India in transforming Afghanistan after the US withdrawal.