Plant Cell and Tissue Culture: Propagation, Improvement, and Conservation of Medicinal Plants

Plant tissue culture, a revolutionary technique in plant biology, is a highly effective method for multiplying, biodiversity conservation, and genetic manipulation and enhancement of plants. Over the decades, technological breakthroughs and a deeper understanding of plant physiology have transformed this technique from curiosity to a widely used method with wide-ranging applications. Micropropagation usually involves four key stages: initiation (explant culture under an aseptic environment), propagation, rooting, and acclimatization. The optimal growth and development of plant tissues at each stage are substantially influenced by the application and proper balance of phytohormones, growth regulators, and culture media composition . Advanced genetic technologies based on plant tissue culture are used in addressing global food security and are helpful in the sustainable production of crops. As technology advances, incorporating plant tissue culture with other cutting-edge approaches promises to unlock plants’ full potential for humanity’s benefit. This review examines the key principles, recent advances, and diverse applications of plant tissue culture in medicinal plants.