Unique Characteristics of Electrochemically Exfoliated Multidimensional Graphene and Its Derivatives

Graphene, a single atomic layer of graphite, is considered superior to other carbon-based graphitic allotropes due to its distinctive topologies, intriguing electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, and promising nanoelectronics. It has numerous applications in nanotechnology, including electrochemical exfoliation, which involves the use of natural graphite foils, sheets, or rods. Ion intercalations increase the interlayer gap in the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite, producing pure graphene in monolayer or multilayer forms using chemical vapor deposition and pulsed laser deposition techniques. Electrochemical exfoliation techniques dope graphene materials, incorporate covalent functional groups, integrate nanoparticles, and assemble graphene structures. Compared to other processes, electrochemical exfoliation offers benefits such as simplicity, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, high production rate, and high-quality few-layered graphene sheets. EG also provides a large sheet, less oxygen content, a high C/O ratio, and outstanding electrical characteristics. This chapter’s goal is to inform readers about the characteristics and applications of currently recognized electrochemically exfoliated multidimensional graphene structures, including graphene quantum dots (GQDs), one-dimensional (1D) graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and graphene fibers (GFs), two-dimensional (2D) graphene nanomeshes (GNMs), rippled/wrinkled graphene, and 2D graphene membranes (GMs) and three-dimensional graphene (3DG) architectures made of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGo) and highlight their unique properties which are based on the configuration of carbon atoms.