Gender Identity as a Determinant of Mental Health of Trans Persons in Karnataka

Lived experiences of persons identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, asexual, and other (LGBTQIA+) are filled with stigma and discrimination. Persistent exposure to such stigma and discrimination often leads to psychological trauma and common mental disorders, precipitating suicidal tendencies. This chapter explores how gender identity impacts day-to-day living and plays out as an important determinant of the mental health of trans persons in Karnataka, India. The chapter draws on qualitative research led by a trans-person-community leader who leads a community-based organization working on LGBTQIA+ rights. It presents the lived experiences of eight trans persons, including Jogappa, male-to-female trans persons, and female-to-male trans persons across Karnataka. Societal pressure to conform to heteronormatively assigned gender roles and gender policing pervaded all systems. Multiple levels of abuse, physical, emotional, and economic, accompanied by sexual abuse and exploitation in the workplace and educational settings, led to extreme loneliness, helplessness, and distress. The diverse groups significantly pointed to the commonality of painful and often violent experiences, coupled with a lack of income, power, and voice, worsening their situation. We noted that responses, coping, and resilience differed and depended on the availability of safe spaces, meeting life partners, and forging friendships. Suicide attempts and the prevalence of depressive spectrum disorders, anxiety, and substance abuse were commonly reported. Prejudices, coupled with the stigma and discrimination that trans persons continue to experience, are significant barriers for them to access substantial mental health support.