Integrating On-Demand Transport into an Existing Transport Network: A Data-Driven Simulation Approach

Powered by recent technological advancements in intelligent communication technology (ICT) and digital platform, on-demand transport (ODT) has played different roles in moving people, ranging from feeding passengers to mass transit (e.g., heavy rail, metro/subway, bus rapid transit) to providing point-to-point or point-to-hub services, to replacing traditional fixed route bus services in areas where demand is patchy. Consequently, ODT has become the focus of many transport authorities in their effort of improving existing transport networks. Various trials of ODT services have been conducted in both urban and rural setting but the results are mixed. This paper investigates the impact of ODT operational models and fleet size on the demand for bus service and service standards using a data-driven simulation method and a set of key performance indicators used in the bus contract industry. The results verify the potential of ODT for replacing existing fixed bus routes to improve the effectiveness of an existing transport network in moving people, providing accessibility/connectivity and improving social equity.