Lefebvrian Analysis of Stone-Pavement Space in Hanoi, Vietnam

The impact of pavement on the environment is significant, especially in tropical cities such as Hanoi, Vietnam. Urbanization and rapid development in the transportation industry have led to the loss of natural habitat, increased use of artificial materials, and negative consequences such as temperature rise, heat islands, urban flooding, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change. Certain paving materials, including natural stone commonly used for sidewalks in Vietnamese cities, contribute to these negative impacts. Despite existing research illuminating the unsustainable nature of natural stone, its widespread adoption continues. Drawing upon Lefebvre’s theory of space production, this study delves into the origins of this prevailing circumstance and conducts a critical analysis of the power dynamics among various actors and interest groups that mold the urban space in Hanoi.