Carbon Emission Monitoring of Modular Integrated Construction Based on CPS Technology in the Materialisation Phase

The construction industry is one of the significant contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, generating about one-third of the world's carbon emission (CE) each year and having an enormous impact on environmental issues. Modular integrated construction (MiC) is the future trend of industrialised buildings, and it is crucial to study the carbon emission of MiC systematically. However, previous studies by scholars have mainly focused on traditional or industrialised buildings. Most research topics are estimated before building completion or accounting after building completion. There need to be more real-time carbon emission monitoring studies. This study proposes a carbon emission monitoring study based on CPS technology for MiC, defining the system boundary of the materialisation phase of MiC, identifying the carbon sources in each phase, constructing a measurement model, and building a real-time monitoring framework to obtain real-time carbon emission data of building activities and providing a basis for managers to manage the carbon emission process dynamically. This study provides a systematic knowledge framework to fill the gap in the real-time carbon emission monitoring of MiC. It provides a reference for future scholars' research on carbon emission monitoring of MiC.