Conclusion

One of the clear findings of this book is the diversity of empirical analysis challenges faced by various fields of economics, as can be seen from the discussions in Part II (Empirical Problems in Each Field of Economics). In labor economics and development economics, the explicit identification of causal relationshipsIdentificationof causal relationships is emphasized from the perspective of the credibility of empirical research, with natural experimentsNatural Experiments (NE) (NE) and quasi-experimentsQuasi-experiments (QE) being used in the former, and randomized controlled trialsRandomized Controlled Trial (RCT) (RCTs) being actively used in the latter. On the other hand, in economic history and macroeconomics, the identification of causal relationshipsIdentificationof causal relationships through NENatural Experiments (NE), QE, or RCTs is not yet the dominant research method. In the former, quantitative analysis of historical facts is a major challenge, while in the latter, the evaluation of general equilibrium effectsGeneral equilibriumeffect of macroeconomic policy is a major issue.