Bioeconomy for Sustainable Biomaterials and Bioproduct Development

The economy and health sector are robustly shattered by emerging infectious diseases across the globe. The modern-generation vaccines including viral vector vaccines, mRNA vaccines, DNA vaccines, synthetic vaccines, viruslike particles, and plant-based vaccines are being used against these infectious diseases. However, in recent years, biomass has gained critical attention as a sustainable and natural resource for the fabrication of vaccines due to the benefits of availability, low cost, renewability, and environmentally nonthreatening attributes. Hence, cost-effective plant-based vaccines (PBV) could be the potential solution to withstand the current health economic crisis. Moreover, despite vaccination campaigns, the recurrence of pandemic waves has emphasized the necessity of innovation/utilization of immune boosters in order to acquire adequate long-term vaccine protection. Plant-derived immuno-adjuvants to vaccines can prevent infections by enhancing the immune system. To date, plant metabolites such as polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycosides have been utilized in experimental vaccines as attractive adjuvants and exhibited to be very safe and immunogenic. It is considered that plant-derived adjuvants to vaccines are economical, safe, as well as dose-sparing with long-lasting immunity and acceptable safety. In this chapter, suitability and development strategies for sustainable plant-derived vaccines and immune adjuvants will be discussed to enhance the bioeconomy.