Ovarian Cancer

Epidemiology: Globally, ovarian cancer ranks eighteenth in incidence (313,959 new cases in the year 2020) and fourteenth in terms of mortality (207,252 deaths in the year 2020) [1]. Among all cancers in women, it ranks eighth (3.4%) and second (4.7%) in incidence and mortality, respectively [1, 2]. The incidence rate was reduced from 3.6% in 2018 to 1.6% in 2020 and the mortality rate was reduced from 4.3% to 2.1% [1, 2]. According to the GLOBOCAN, the incidence and mortality rates were high in Asia (170,759 new cases and 112,936 deaths) that contribute to 54.4% and 54.5% of world-wide diagnoses and deaths, respectively. Ovarian cancer in Europe (66,693 new cases and 44,053 deaths) accounts to 21.2% and 21.3% of all global ovarian cancer cases and deaths, respectively. According to the SEER database for the year 2020, the estimated number of new diagnoses and mortality due to ovarian cancer were 21,750 and 13,940, respectively [3]. The 5-year survival rate is mainly based on the cancer stage at which the patient is diagnosed; the highest (92%) was in patients with stage I localized cancer and the lowest (29%) was in stage IV patients [3, 4]. The 5-year survival rates for localized and distant stages of cancer, respectively were 93% and 30% in white women, and 86% and 22% in black women [3]. In Europe, the incidence rates were 4.0%, 3.9%, and 3.1% and mortality rates were 5.7%, 6.9%, and 4.5% for the age groups 0–44, 45–64, and 65 or above, respectively [5]. Among children and adolescents in the age group of 0–18 years, the incidence was high (87.5%) when compared to the other gynecological malignancies [6].