Bladder Cancer

Epidemiology: Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most prevalent malignancy and ranks thirteenth for cancer-related deaths [1]. Urothelial carcinoma (UC) accounts for approximately 90% of BC cases. Approximately 75% of the newly diagnosed BC cases were nonmuscle invasive, while 25% were muscle invasive [2]. The incidence and mortality rates of BC were highest in Eastern Asia (132,316 cases and 54,206 deaths), followed by Northern America (89,997 cases and 21,045 deaths), and Western Europe (68,143 cases and 20,866 deaths) [3]. Further, the global incidence and mortality rates were significantly higher in males (440,864 cases, cumulative risk 1.05; 158,785 deaths, cumulative risk 0.30) than in females (132,414 cases, cumulative risk 0.26; 53,751 deaths, cumulative risk 0.08). The age-standardized incidence rate of BC was highest in Southern Europe with 15.3 cases per 100,000, followed by Western Europe and Northern America (13.0 and 10.9 per 100,000 respectively) [3]. The least incidence rate was observed in Middle Africa followed by South-Central Asia and Western Africa [3]. The 5-year survival rate depends on the stage of malignancy, with the highest rate of survival in the in-situ stage (95.8%), compared to the localized (69.5%), regional (36.3%), and metastatic cases (4.6%) [1].