Macrophytes as a Sustainable Biomonitoring Tool Sustainable of Aquatic Pollution

Inorganic and organic contaminants pollute streams daily. Pollution and other manmade disruptions change aquatic ecosystems. Water pollution may come from wastewater, industrial effluents, contaminated sediments, nutrients, flame retardants, persistent organic pollutants, medicines and illegal substances, emerging contaminants, and others (such as microplastics and engineered nanoparticles), herbicides, pesticides, and endocrine disruptors. Organic and heavy metal pollution can have negative effects on ecosystems, marine life, and humans. Pollutants stress and deplete aquatic ecosystems. The most effective strategy is phytoremediation using aquatic plants. Despite the extreme pollution and harsh conditions, certain macrophytes in water are able to persist. The following aquatic plant species help keep waterways clean: lemna, eichhornia, azolla, potamogeton, wolfia, spirodela, and wolfialla. Using these plants in phytoremediation or bioremediation helps clean up contaminated water. Macrophytes are resistant to certain chemicals, including strong concentrations of metals, phenols, formaldehydes, acids, and oxalates. One fascinating method for assessing pollution in aquatic ecosystems is biomonitoring. The purpose of using bioindicators is to monitor environmental changes and quality over time. One kind of bioindicator is macrophytes. More and more people are turning to clean up polluted land and water. When dealing with sites polluted by metals, phytoremediation is a novel and economical approach to removing persistent environmental toxins. Recent studies on the gene overexpression associated with the absorption, transport, and sequestration of metals have enhanced the potential of phytoremediation. This chapter covers aquatic pollution categories and the biomonitoring status of macrophytes.