Introduction

Ensuring flight safety is of utmost importance in the aviation industry. According to reports from the International Civil Aviation Organization, there were a total of 850 accidents recorded between 2012 and 2022, resulting in 3309 fatalities. In addition to the human factors, the key factors identified in the flight accidents include the mechanical failures, faulty components, and extremely challenging perturbations (such as turbulence and wind gust). To enhance safety and reliability, modern aircraft primarily employ redundant configurations. An invaluable technology for mitigating the adverse effects caused by failures is Fault Tolerant Control (FTC), which can detect, isolate and accommodate the faults in real-time and therefore maintain the continued safe operation of the flight.