Diseases and Health Management of Indigenous Small Fishes

Indigenous small fish species (ISFs) play a pivotal role in global aquaculture, offering ecological, cultural, and economic benefits. As capture fisheries decline, the cultivation of these species becomes increasingly important for food security and biodiversity conservation. Despite their importance, these species face health challenges, including bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal diseases. Bacterial infections, often triggered by stress and poor water quality, are common, affecting species like Aeromonas and Streptococcus. Viral diseases, such as VHSV and IPNV, lead to mass mortalities and require strict biosecurity measures. Parasites, including ciliates and monogenean flukes, compromise fish health, while fungal infections by Saprolegnia spp. result in cotton-like growths and heavy mortality. To ensure the well-being of Indigenous small fishes, effective health management strategies are vital. These include quarantine, water quality management, proper nutrition, habitat enhancement, vaccination, and integrated pest management. Regular monitoring and early detection are crucial to prevent disease outbreaks. Therefore, the health of Indigenous small fish populations is essential for aquaculture sustainability and ecological balance. Collaboration between aquaculturists and conservationists, ongoing research, and the implementation of preventive measures are key to managing disease challenges and maintaining the well-being of these valuable species in aquaculture and natural habitats.