Epidemiology of Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Human Health Impacts

The air we breathe contains a mixture of solid, liquid, and gaseous compounds derived from natural emissions and anthropogenic sources (those generated by human activity). Broadly speaking, the term “air pollutants” refers to compounds that are airborne and occur at levels dangerous to human health, damaging to flora, and destructive to the environment. Although considerably different in their chemical composition, based on some similarities, these pollutants can be grouped into: This chapter examines the epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution, specifically PM2.5, and its effects on health. It details the origins of PM2.5, its categorization by size, and associated health risks. The text differentiates between outdoor and indoor exposure sources, both contributing to air quality and health outcomes. A comprehensive review offers a global perspective on PM2.5 pollution, with an emphasis on high-exposure regions and India’s particular challenges. The link between PM2.5 exposure and increased prevalence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases is highlighted, stressing the imperative for improved air quality management and public health measures. The chapter underlines the importance of adhering to air quality standards and shifting to cleaner energy to protect public health from PM2.5 pollution.