Integrated Modelling Systems

The present chapter attempted to briefly overview integrated modellingIntegrated modelling systems and their applications for hydrologic sciences. Integrated modellingIntegrated modelling systems provide non-invasive ways of utilising the synergetic effect of two models. In conventional hydrologic research, integrated modellingIntegrated modelling focused on considering the surface and groundwaterGroundwater interactions (e.g., MIKE SHEMIKE SHE) for accurate water balance estimation. However, in modern hydrology, integrated modellingIntegrated modelling is more inclined towards combining data-driven and process-based hydrologic modellingHydrologic modelling. In this aspect, ‘big dataBig data’ can further strengthen the credibility of the hybrid modelHybrid models by providing the opportunity to validate them on extensive, diverse data. The chapter also attempted to highlight the emerging techniques like explainable machine ML and physics-constraint ML that are useful in interpreting the black-boxBlack-box ML models and making the process opaque. Incorporation of these techniques can leverage the strengths of hybrid modelsHybrid models.