Enhancing the Performance of UAV Propeller Using Bio-Inspired Humpback Whales Tubercle—A Parametric Study at the Hub and Tip Locations

This study focuses on optimizing propeller design for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to enhance their mission-specific performance. As UAVs gain prominence, there is a growing demand for improved propulsion and energy management systems. Many vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) UAVs rely on fixed-pitch propellers, leading to compromises in mission execution. To address this, the study suggests adopting variable-pitch propellers with aerofoils featuring leading edge flippers to influence aerodynamic behavior and prevent stalls. These flippers are strategically positioned at the propeller’s tip and hub to enhance efficiency. Two propeller pitch configurations, 4 × 7 and 4 × 9, were examined, each with variations including no flippers, four flippers at the hub and tip, and eight flippers at the hub and tip. Through comprehensive testing, the study aimed to evaluate each design’s performance in terms of propeller efficiency, thrust, and torque under specific conditions. The results indicated a significant increase in efficiency, ranging from 60 to 70%, depending on the pitch. This comparative analysis helps assess each pitch’s suitability and effectiveness for UAV applications.