Microbial Solution for Mitigating Plastic Pollution: From Environmental Hazard to Sustainable Management

Human activities have significantly contributed to environmental degradation, resulting in the emergence of diseases, and losses in health and the economy. Single-use plastic production grew exponentially during COVID times due to high demand for PPE kits, masks, gloves, etc. In India alone, an estimated 3.4 million tons of plastic waste is generated annually, with only 30 percent being recycled. Due to unmanaged recycling, the presence of microplastics has been reported in samples from human lungs, urine, blood, and even breast milk. The persistence of plastic waste has evolved from an environmental hazard to a medical threat. However, managing and disposing of plastic waste poses significant challenges, as it is classified as a major chemical waste requiring environmental clearance. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae have demonstrated the remarkable ability to degrade a wide range of plastic polymers through biofilm formation and the enzymes that aid in plastic breakdown. The discovery of plastic-degrading genes and enzymes in microbial genomes has opened doors for engineering microbial strains with enhanced plastic degradation capabilities. This chapter explores the diversity of microbial processes involved in plastic waste management and proposes eco-friendly alternatives to reduce the hazardous impact of plastic on the environment. By delving into these processes, the chapter aims to advance scientific understanding and promote the adoption of sustainable practices.