Ideologies and Their Importance in Shaping Islam, Muslims, and Activism in Indonesia

With the experience from several historical interactions with various contentious religious and political dynamics, the then-Indonesian nationalist leader, Sukarno, recommended the formulation of a state philosophy in preparation for independence and abating other tumultuous occurrences in the country that were wrought by Japanese occupation and various revolutions that took place in the country. As Indonesia was experiencing instability, unrests, and shifting of cultural and religious values, Sukarno foresaw the need to have binding principles that could unite the populace together particularly to address the socio-political conditions.