Congenital Upper Limb and Hand Deformities Associate with Genetic Abnormalities

Congenital high scapula, also known as Sprengel deformity, or congenital upward displacement of the scapula (congenital elevation of the scapula), is a deformity of the shoulder girdle. It is characterized by abnormal descent, position, and anatomical changes of the scapula. The scapula is in a higher position, the shoulder joint of the affected side is higher than that of the healthy side, the upper arm of the affected limb is limited, and the deformities of ribs, neck, and thoracic vertebrae can be combined at the same time. First described by Enlenber in 1863. In 1891, Sprengel reported four cases and discussed the etiology, so the disease was also called Sprengel malformation. In addition to the high position of the scapula on the affected side, congenital high scapula is also characterized by limited abduction and elevation of the upper limb.