Stability of Multi-layer Supply Chain Networks with Constraints

A supply chain network (SCN) comprises factories, distributors, wholesalers, and retailers (Alessandri et al. 2011; Dubey et al. 2019; Ha and Tong 2008; Moyaux et al. 2007; Riddalls and Bennett 2002). The network’s providers work together and coordinate along the entire chain to generate raw and processed materials, transform these raw materials into the necessary goods, and distribute these products to customers (Chan et al. 2018; Fu et al. 2019; Goodarzian et al. 2020; Nagurney et al. 2014; Yu and Solvang 2020). To address the management issues of SCNs, for instance, a distributed model predictive control method is suggested in Fu et al. (2020). Here, each agent relies on this technique to select the regionally advantageous tactic and limit information sharing with neighbors. In de Albuquerque et al. (2013), stochastic reward nets are used in conjunction with mathematical optimization to assess the global warming potential and energetic supply chain indices.