Nanomaterials as Effective Fertilizers and Fungicides in Plant Protection for Improving Crop Growth and Inducing Tolerance Against Phytopathogens

Nanotechnology is utilized in agriculture to increase crop output, lower yield losses, and activate plant defense mechanisms against pests, phytopathogens, and other environmental threats. Global agriculture is dealing with a number of difficulties due to a changing climate, such as temperature changes, landslides, and growing food demand. Crop output can be increased, crop tolerance can be improved, and environmental pollution can be reduced with the use of nanotechnology. Because plants can absorb nanoparticles and because they affect physiological processes, nanoparticles (NPs) are frequently employed in agriculture. The reduction of stress caused by such NPs varies significantly depending on the number of NPs administered, the stage of plant growth, and environmental conditions. Stress, hormone control, and the activation of the antioxidant defense system are only a few examples of the physiological and biochemical processes. Stress, hormone regulation, and the activation of the antioxidant defense system are only a few examples of the physiological and biochemical processes in plants that can be modified and controlled by NPs.