A more holistic understanding of human persons and their health is drawing greater attention to the spiritual dimensions, which have been neglected in a more “technical” perspective on medicine and health care but which can clearly influence attitudes and expectations and provide meaning and purpose in adverse situations. Research on “religious coping” now covers a broad area, aiming to understand better how religion and spirituality can help promote health and cope with adversity, as well as how religious coping can be an important means of overcoming very negative states and the associated distress and anxiety, as well as of promoting resilience. Although these dynamics are now well known and widely accepted, several issues are still under debate and need to be further clarified. The level of evidence for such experiences needs to be better reviewed and assessed, as the pace of publications in recent years has increased the need for a systematic approach. The data collected clearly invite researchers and practitioners to consider religious coping as a necessary component part of health care and planning for it, even if this approach requires some caution due to some ambiguities and problems. This chapter will first define and specify the meaning of “religious coping” and some of its nuances. It will also describe the mechanisms that render religion a coping resource in the face of adversity and the types of religious coping that have been identified. The third part will review the up-to-date collected evidence on the effects of religion in coping processes. The fourth section will deal with current debates, especially those concerning mediating or immediate effects and questions of religious identity and function. The last part will show current and future research lines and possible expected developments in this open field.