Community needs assessments (CNAs) play a crucial role in identifying and prioritizing the needs of a population. Governments and philanthropic organizations often require them as part of grant or funding processes. Many states also mandate periodic CNAs for local health departments as part of receiving state funding. Health care organizations may conduct CNAs periodically or as needed to adapt to changing demographics or service demands. CNAs should include defining a service area, quantitative and qualitative analysis of data, and prioritization of problems and needs. The first step in the CNA is defining the community or service area. This step sets the stage for identifying stakeholders, determining available data and its geographic scope, and assessing potential resources to address community needs. Service areas may vary based on the types of services provided and the competitors and/or organizational need. Stakeholder involvement is crucial throughout the entire CNA process, including providing additional information beyond secondary data but also offering essential context to the data and guidance to the entire CNA process. Stakeholder involvement can range from completing surveys or participating in interviews to playing a more integral role in shaping the CNA process. Data collection analysis includes an environmental scan of the service area, including describing the population, and assessing data on health behaviors, outcomes, and health status of the population. These data need to be compared against benchmarks, identifying problems and needs. Finally, problems and needs to be prioritized, especially when funding is limited. This chapter provides a practical guide on conducting CNAs, offering specific guidance to individuals and organizations through each step of the process. Various data collection and analysis techniques will be detailed. The application and extent of each technique within a CNA will depend on the availability of data and the scope of the assessment. For instance, a CNA for a small hospital in a rural town may require less data (and have fewer resources available) compared to a county-wide CNA.