Vaccination is one of public health’s most significant achievements due to its success in saving millions of lives and eradicating diseases. Vaccine hesitancy, which is fueled by misinformation and ineffective communication strategies, is an obstacle to vaccination and threatens global health. To mitigate vaccine hesitancy and reduce the prevalence and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases, it is key to invest in vaccine literacy and effective communication. This chapter underscores the roles of vaccine literacy and effective communication in vaccine acceptance. Ineffective communication strategies that inhibit vaccine literacy, as well as effective communication strategies that improve vaccine literacy are explored in relation to eight principles of vaccine literacy. This chapter also highlights reasons to invest in vaccine literacy and effective communication and offers future recommendations for improving vaccine literacy.