Dynamics of GHG Concentrations on Nighttime Weather in Bogor City

Global warming is a challenge faced in climate change. Climate change affects solar radiation on Earth due to increasing greenhouse gases. Bogor City is one of the centre of population growth and rapid urban development due to urbanisation, thus increasing the need for transportation both private vehicles and public transportation. The greenhouse gas and air pollutant monitoring system of the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) is located at IPB Baranangsiang Campus and aims to measure pollutants in sub-urban areas. Bogor City became one of the most polluted areas in Indonesia in July–August 2023 due to the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The dynamics of greenhouse gas concentrations are influenced by meteorological conditions, especially solar radiation. Greenhouse gas concentrations on weekdays are higher than on holidays due to fluctuations motorised vehicles in Baranangsiang. Overall, concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide ( \({{\text{CO}}}_{2}\) ) and methane ( \({{\text{CH}}}_{4}\) ), and nitrogen oxides ( \({{\text{NO}}}_{{\text{x}}}\) ) increase in the early morning and nighttime, while concentrations of sulphur dioxide ( \({{\text{SO}}}_{2}\) ) and ozone ( \({{\text{O}}}_{3}\) ) increase during the day. The difference in peak greenhouse gas concentrations is influenced by the nature of the gas and the factors that form each pollutant.