Spatial–Temporal Analysis of Urban Heat Island (UHI) in Bandung Raya Using Remote Sensing Data

Urbanization impacts the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in the Bandung Raya region. Human activities, such as land use change from agriculture to residential areas, industrial zones, and others, have intensified the UHI effect. This study examines the evolution of UHI distribution in Bandung Raya during the years 2006, 2010, and 2014, utilizing Landsat 7 (ETM + ) imagery. Additionally, the study extends its analysis to 2018 and 2021, employing Landsat 8 (OLI/TIRS) images. The investigation encompasses Land Surface Temperature (LST) calculation, UHI quantification through the threshold method based on LST, and the exploration of UHI correlations with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI). The findings reveal the average surface temperatures on specific dates: 25.4 °C on June 27, 2006; 20.8 °C on July 24, 2010; 25 °C on June 9, 2014; 25.6 °C on July 5, 2018; and 26 °C on July 1, 2021. The UHI distribution, as determined by the threshold method, demonstrates an expanding affected area from 2006 to 2018, followed by a reduction from 2018 to 2021. Notably, a robust positive linear correlation exists between building density and UHI, while vegetation density exhibits a noteworthy negative linear correlation with UHI.