Era Portrait

This chapter outlines the main events associated with the increasing colonization of Kazakhstan in the period from the end of the nineteenth century to the end of the 1930s: the consequences of the Stolypin reform implementation; the mass resettlement of peasants from the internal provinces of Russia to Kazakh steppes; Kazakh revolt of 1916. The following describes how the Russian February Revolution and the October coup of 1917 and the civil war (1918–1923) affected the political life of Kazakhstan. During the period of Soviet power, two mass famines, collectivization, the forced sedentarization of Kazakh nomads, and the political terror of 1937–1938 are covered.