Physiochemical Characterization Technique of Bionanomaterials

With the continuous growth of the field of nanotechnology, researchers are uncovering an increasing number of applications that can derive advantages from the utilization of nanomaterials (NMs). Nanomaterials are rapidly being subjected to almost every form of chemical and physical analysis. The emphasis on instruments with great spatial resolution is driven by their tiny sizes. Due of their substantial surface area, nanomaterials are commonly evaluated utilizing surface analysis techniques. The analysis of nanomaterials poses a significant analytical obstacle due to their dynamic characteristics, such as their tiny dimensions, high reactivity, and instability. Additionally, their minimal proportions in the surrounding environment often fall below the conventional limits of detection for analytical techniques. Irrespective of the methodology employed, nanostructured materials pose numerous challenges in terms of conducting comprehensive, practical, and essential analyses. Significant advancements in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology have been achieved in recent years, mostly attributed to the enhanced accessibility of advanced physical techniques for the characterization of nanomaterials. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the methodologies frequently employed for the investigation of nanomaterials, encompassing their dimensions, morphology, surface characteristics, chemical composition, level of purity, and long-term viability. Additionally, the advantages and limitations associated with these techniques are discussed. Currently, there is a lack of explicit US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rules pertaining to the development of methods or substances utilizing nanoparticles intended for analytical purposes or treatment. Establishment of standardized protocols and techniques for nanomaterial characterization, particularly in the context of their application as theranostics agents, is of utmost importance and requires immediate attention.