Battery Swapping Control for Centralized Electric Vehicle Charging System with Photovoltaic

In recent years, electric vehicles (EVs) and their charging stations have been extensively utilized to promote clean, efficient, and sustainable energy development (Liu et al. in IEEE Trans Ind Electr 62:2560–2570, 2015; Ding et al. in IEEE Trans Ind Appl 54:5590–5598, 2018; Chaudhari et al. in IEEE Trans Ind Inform 14:106–116, 2018). The International Energy Agency predicts that the number of EVs will surpass 12.9 million by 2020 (Global EV Outlook 2016 in International Energy Agency, Paris, 2017). However, the widespread adoption of EVs poses challenges to the reliable and stable functioning of the power grid due to the significant impact on power systems caused by the substantial charging requirements, which can alter the distribution of loads across different locations and time periods.