Demand–Supply Cooperative Responding Strategy in Power System with High Renewable Energy Penetration

Currently, human development is significantly constrained by energy and environmental crises. Renewable energy (RE) is considered as the solution for replacing conventional energy, because it is more environmentally friendly (Yang et al. in Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 56th Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), pp 6334–6339, 2017; Dou et al. in IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol 30(6):2561–2572, 2022; Rather et al. in IEEE Trans Power Syst 30(5):2516–2526, 2015). As an important form of RE, the installed capacity of wind power (WP) has reached 3.28 million kilo-watts in 2021, accounting for 13.9% of the total generation capacity in China, and is predicted to be 24 million kilowatts and 33.8% by 2050 (The Energy Foundation in China 2050 high renewable energy penetration scenario and roadmap study, 2015). However, the unpredictable significant fluctuations of RE supply will cause an adverse effect on the secure and economic operation of the power system. Thus, effective methods are needed to study to deal with this problem involving RE uncertainty (Cao et al. in IEEE Trans Power Syst 31(4):3073–3081, 2016; Wu et al. in IEEE Trans Power Syst 31(6):4185–4196, 2016).