Nanocarriers for Tracking and Treating Epilepsy, and Seizures Management

Epilepsy, the neurological disorder causes abnormal electrical discharge of the brain that leads to seizures, is a severe healthcare problem. The treatment options available are antiepileptic drugs, surgery, antiepileptic devices, and ketogenic diets. The common adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs are cognitive disorders, dizziness, abdominal pain, hypersomnia, etc. To overcome the adverse effects, the antiepileptic drugs are loaded with suitably modified nanocarriers. It enhances the drug's efficacy to the targeted site at a minimum concentration. Even a few nanocarriers are suitable for diagnosis purpose. A few reported nanocarrier systems used for treatments and diagnostic purposes are micelles, polymeric ligands, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, quantum dots, silver, gold nanoparticles, nanoconjugates, nanosponges, etc. Nanocarrier’s physicochemical properties influence its invading nature to the targeted site, circulation lifetime, and retention time of active drugs within. Strategically different attempts are made to modify the nanocarriers to overcome barriers like mononuclear phagocytes of the immune system. Biofunctionalization or functionalization or functional modification of the nanocarriers not only helps to overcome the barriers but also enhances the permeability and retention time of nanocarriers to the targeted site. Mostly, epilepsy causes unconsciousness, so treatment automation is another aspect of epilepsy treatment. So, attempts like implantable devices like bio-physiochemical responsive nanotheranostic system, magnetic field responsive nanoparticles system, thermo responsive, electro responsive discrete release of doses via self-triggered drug injection during seizure systems are useful to treat epilepsy.