Mangrove Forests as Semi-closed Systems in Coastal Ecosystems

Tropical coastal zones with mangrove forests as semi-closed ecosystems have recently been damaged by human pressures. Therefore, reforestation of mangroves and restoration of coastal areas have recently become urgent issues. To carry out mangrove plantation operations efficiently, it is essential to understand how the growth characteristics of young plants are affected by environmental elements at plantation sites. Young seedlings of some mangrove species have well-developed hypocotyls. The hypocotyls of the seedlings play an essential role in their growth at early stages. The early development of mangrove seedlings at different elevations differed. Species with a greater ability to generate O2 in hypocotyls showed greater tolerance to high tidal levels and greater survival ratios at low elevations.