A Recent Update of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Focusing on Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering

In recent times, there has been a surge in the use of nanomaterials within biomedical. These materials have gained significant interest for their potential in several applications, including the development of artificial organs and tissues, drug delivery systems, and gene therapy. This increasing interest may be attributed to the unique properties of nanomaterials, namely their decreased dimensions and expanded surface area. Graphene and its derivatives have garnered significant attention across various areas, with a particular emphasis on biomedical applications. This preference stems from the exceptional structural, mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties of graphene and its substantial surface area. These characteristics facilitate efficient and effective drug-loading processes. The use of graphene and its derivative materials in biomedical settings has significant importance in several domains, including tissue engineering, biosensor applications, and gene transfer, alongside its established role in controlled drug release applications. In this section, drug delivery and tissue engineering issues are specifically addressed. Graphene and its derivatives have exceptional characteristics as drug delivery carriers, rendering them very promising for applications involving materials with superior loading efficiency, targeting capabilities, imaging capabilities, sensing abilities, and stimulus-sensitive release qualities. These materials, which also aid in the restoration of the extracellular matrix or provide structural reinforcement, enhance the adhesion, proliferation, survival, and derivatives of stem cells, hence playing an important role in tissue engineering. The pre-use modification of graphene and its derivative-based materials used in biomedical implementations is crucial for mitigating concerns with “toxicity” and “biosafety,” in addition to the many advantages they provide.