A Review on GBAS: Ionospheric Effects at Low-Latitude Regions

The emergence of the Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) has provided a promising solution for enhancing the accuracy and reliability of GNSS-based positioning, particularly in precision landing and approach procedures. However, the presence of the ionosphere, an upper atmospheric layer surrounding the Earth, introduces significant disruptions towards GNSS signals, specifically in low-latitude regions. Disturbances in the ionosphere, resulting from solar activity and geomagnetic storms, can lead to range errors and ionospheric scintillations, which in turn have adverse effects on the performance of GBAS receivers. Consequently, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the ionospheric influences on GBAS receivers in low-latitude regions holds utmost importance in developing robust and dependable positioning solutions. This review aims to thoroughly examine the impact of ionospheric effects on GBAS receivers in low-latitude areas, primarily focusing on addressing the challenges posed by ionospheric disturbances and exploring potential mitigation techniques. Through an in-depth analysis of existing studies and advancements in this field, this review provides valuable insights and practical recommendations for enhancing GBAS receiver performance in low-latitude regions.