Fundus Photography

Fundus photography is used to screen, diagnose, and monitor numerous treatable and preventable causes of blindness, particularly diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, etc. The quality of fundus photographs and the simplicity of imaging have substantially increased over time. Modern technologies can capture a 200° view of the posterior pole in a single acquisition, unlike older devices that can only capture 30–60° of the ocular fundus. The evolution of retinal imaging technology has led to the development of clearer images, pupil tracking, non-mydriatic cameras, ultra-wide field fundus imaging, smartphone fundus imaging, and artificial intelligence-integrated imaging. This chapter highlights the various fundus cameras available, fundus photography techniques, and the use of smartphones for fundus photography.