Sex/Gender Differences in Clinical Aspects of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Sex/gender differences in the field of physical medicine and rehabilitation may stem from biological distinctions or social factors. Women experience a higher incidence of stroke and a significantly lower incidence of spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury than men. Additionally, the prognosis for functional recovery after stroke rehabilitation or amputation is worse for women than for men. Differences in the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system and neuromuscular control ability contribute to certain musculoskeletal injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament injuries, which occur more frequently in female athletes. Estrogen causes women to have more body fat, less muscle mass, smaller hearts, reduced cardiac output, and lower maximal oxygen uptake compared to men. To provide more effective rehabilitation treatment, sex/gender differences should be taken into account. Women with disabilities tend to face greater social limitations and more comorbid diseases. In rehabilitation, it is essential to offer not only medical treatment but also socioeconomic support to bridge the gender gap.