Sex Differences and Disparity in Stroke: Biological Factors and Management

Stroke is a prominent and consequential factor contributing to mortality and disability. Both biological sex and sociocultural gender exert an influence on stroke risk factors, presentations, and outcomes. The strength of association with stroke risk factors exhibits significant variation, particularly when considering female-specific risk factors such as pregnancy and menopause, which are not present in males. Additionally, there are disparities in the presentation, treatment response, and outcome impact of stroke between males and females. This chapter explores the differences in stroke manifestation, risk factors, treatments, and outcomes with respect to sex. Recognizing and comprehending these distinctions can have a significant impact on clinical decision-making and the overall quality of stroke care. By considering these sex-specific factors, healthcare providers specializing in stroke can ensure the provision of optimal and appropriate treatment for both male and female patients. This approach aims to reduce the burden of stroke and to improve the quality of life in stroke patients.