Sex/Gender Differences in Obesity

Sex differences exist in adipocyte function and accumulation. Men tend to accumulate more visceral fatvisceral fat, which contributes to the male body shape (android) and increases cardiovascular risk. Women store more fat in their subcutaneous tissue before menopausemenopause, which provides protection against metabolic changes associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. After menopause, women also accumulates more visceral fat, which is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases seen in men. Estrogen can regulate adipose tissue function and fat deposition both directly and indirectly (through activation of receptors in adipocytes and adipose tissues). Estrogen can activate the sympathetic nervous system, which leads to more adiposity in subcutaneous fat in women. Estrogen and estrogen receptors can increase subcutaneous fat in adipocytes and inhibit accumulation of visceral fat.