China, predominantly Han but historically a mosaic of ethnic groups, has experienced complex relationships between its central dynasties and neighboring ethnicities or local authorities. These long-term symbiotic interactions have fostered cultural and ethnic integration. Under unique natural and cultural conditions, diverse ethnic groups in China’s border areas have developed distinct cultures. Advances in archaeological research have illuminated their remarkable historical contributions through tangible relics. The Han and Tang dynasties, considered golden ages of Chinese history, witnessed extensive cultural exchanges between China and foreign nations, significantly influenced by the frontier nationalities encouraged by the Central Plains dynasties. This essay focuses on the ethnic cultures of the Han and Tang frontier, spanning from the Greater Hinggan Mountains in the east, across the Pamir Plateau in the west, to Tibet and Yunnan in the southwest. The primary sources are archaeological findings from modern China, supplemented by necessary references to overseas discoveries due to the historical movements of some ancient peoples.